6. What two threats did Mexico face in its northern frontier in the mid-nineteenth century?
a. One threat that Mexico faced in its northern frontier in the mid-nineteenth century was their conflict with the Indian groups. As the reading says, one threat was "the renewed conflict with Indian groups like the Apache" What had happened is the establicimientos de paz failed and a lot of Mexicans wanted all of the members of the Apache to be eliminated. "The next year, the legislature declared war on all Apache groups, and required all local male citizens to serve in the military or pay a fine " as the reading said. There was basically a huge fude with Indian groups going on during the mid-nineteenth century which was a threat the Mexico faced in tis northern frontier.
b. A second threat they faced is the U.S.; to the North of Mexico. There was also a fude going on between Mexico and the U.S. for the land they both wanted, due to the great natural resources there. As the reading states, "U.S. leaders had long set their sights on this region, with its wealth of natural resources" Mexico had to face this threat in addition to the fude with the Indian groups. However, the U.S. was in a similar situation as Mexico because they were against the Indian groups like the Apache. " At the same time, amny U.S. traders also participated in the campaign against the Apache, killing Apache people and collecting rewards for their scalps" in which way Mexico and the U.S. had something in common.
7. Why did the Gadsden Purchase have such a great impact on northern Mexicans?
The Gadsden Purchase had a great impact on northern Mexicans. "The United States' hunger for land was not satisfied with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" This treaty gave the U.S. a lot of land, which is mostly
part of what is southern Arizona today. However, since we wanted more land, Mexico leaders gave 30,000 square miles of land for 10 million dollars. Even though this Gadsden Purchase was a lot smaller than the land recieved for the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, it had a large impact on northern Mexicans because "This sale moved a number of prominent towns and hundreds of Mexican citizens into U.S. territory"
8. List two ways that cultural misunderstanding contributed to a growing conflict between U.S. settlers
and Apache groups.
a. One thing that went wrong within cultural understandings is that often, the United States would think that they "made an agreement with a number of groups while the Apache believed the peace was only with their own band" so when Apache would still raid, the U.S. thought that their allies were betraying them and their agreements. This problem lead to the growth in the conflict between the Apache and U.S. settlers.
b.Another thing that caused conflict between the Apache groups and the U.S. settlers is when U.S. forces would get involved. Sometimes, the Apache would take captives from settlements in the U.S. and then the "U.S. forces would often seize captives from another group, assuming that any Apache leader could coordinate the return of their people" Basically, the U.S. forces thought that they were taking captives from an Apache group that took some U.S. settlers as captives, but the Apache people they would take as captives had nothing to do with the taking of the U.S. captives. They would punish the wrong people.
9. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase spark a civil war in...
a. Mexico?
These two land transfers sparked a civil war in Mexico because it turned a lot of Mexicans against their goverment. "In Mexico, people were angry about the huge loss of territory sustained by their goverment" A lot of citizens believed the the Mexico leaders had made a mistake and that "Mexico's goverment, economy, and society needed a complete transformation"
b. the United States?
These two land transfers sparked a civil war in the United States because of the gain of all the land, which is opposite Mexico. The reason was because "Debates over the status of slavery in the new territories inflamed tensions that were already at fever pitch" The United States had basically already been struggling with what to do about slavery, and when new territories came into the picture, there was a large fude of what to do, weather the territories would be free or slave.
10. a. What did many U.S. settlers want U.S. policy towards the Apache to be?
A lot of U.S. settlers wanted the U.S. policy towards the Apache to be, to kill them. Most people wanted to rid the west of the Apache all together. As the reading says "Some even advocated for extermination of native groups as a way to make the West safe for U.S. settlement" and "the only thing the Apache understood was violence"
b. In what ways did this clash with the federal government’s Peace Policy?
This policy clashed with the federal government's Peace Policy that Ulysses S. Grant put into play because the Peace Policy was intended to have reservations where Indian groups could settle and be safe. If the U.S. policy towards the Apache were to be violence and complete extermination, then all of them would be gone, including the ones that settled on reservations protected by the U.S. goverment, which completly contradicts the purpose of the Peace Policy.
11. Why were the Apache hesitant to move onto reservations?
The Apache were hesitant to move onto reservations for obvious reasons, such as the United States tricking the Apache to move onto the reservations so that they could exterminate them; almost using the reservations as "bait". Another reason is because it would go against Apache tradition because it "prevented them from making yearly migrations"
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