Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona - Part II

6. What two threats did Mexico face in its northern frontier in the mid-nineteenth century?

a. One threat that Mexico faced in its northern frontier in the mid-nineteenth century was their conflict with the Indian groups. As the reading says, one threat was "the renewed conflict with Indian groups like the Apache" What had happened is the establicimientos de paz failed and a lot of Mexicans wanted all of the members of the Apache to be eliminated. "The next year, the legislature declared war on all Apache groups, and required all local male citizens to serve in the military or pay a fine " as the reading said. There was basically a huge fude with Indian groups going on during the mid-nineteenth century which was a threat the Mexico faced in tis northern frontier.

b. A second threat they faced is the U.S.; to the North of Mexico. There was also a fude going on between Mexico and the U.S. for the land they both wanted, due to the great natural resources there. As the reading states, "U.S. leaders had long set their sights on this region, with its wealth of natural resources" Mexico had to face this threat in addition to the fude with the Indian groups. However, the U.S. was in a similar situation as Mexico because they were against the Indian groups like the Apache. " At the same time, amny U.S. traders also participated in the campaign against the Apache, killing Apache people and collecting rewards for their scalps" in which way Mexico and the U.S. had something in common.

7. Why did the Gadsden Purchase have such a great impact on northern Mexicans?
The Gadsden Purchase had a great impact on northern Mexicans. "The United States' hunger for land was not satisfied with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" This treaty gave the U.S. a lot of land, which is mostly
 part of what is southern Arizona today. However, since we wanted more land, Mexico leaders gave 30,000 square miles of land for 10 million dollars. Even though this Gadsden Purchase was a lot smaller than the land recieved for the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, it had a large impact on northern Mexicans because "This sale moved a number of prominent towns and hundreds of Mexican citizens into U.S. territory"

8. List two ways that cultural misunderstanding contributed to a growing conflict between U.S. settlers
and Apache groups.

a. One thing that went wrong within cultural understandings is that often, the United States would think that they "made an agreement with a number of groups while the Apache believed the peace was only with their own band" so when Apache would still raid, the U.S. thought that their allies were betraying them and their agreements. This problem lead to the growth in the conflict between the Apache and U.S. settlers.

b.Another thing that caused conflict between the Apache groups and the U.S. settlers is when U.S. forces would get involved. Sometimes, the Apache would take captives from settlements in the U.S. and then the "U.S. forces would often seize captives from another group, assuming that any Apache leader could coordinate the return of their people" Basically, the U.S. forces thought that they were taking captives from an Apache group that took some U.S. settlers as captives, but the Apache people they would take as captives had nothing to do with the taking of the U.S. captives. They would punish the wrong people.


9. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase spark a civil war in...

a. Mexico?
These two land transfers sparked a civil war in Mexico because it turned a lot of Mexicans against their goverment. "In Mexico, people were angry about the huge loss of territory sustained by their goverment" A lot of citizens believed the the Mexico leaders had made a mistake and that "Mexico's goverment, economy, and society needed a complete transformation"

b. the United States?
These two land transfers sparked a civil war in the United States because of the gain of all the land, which is opposite Mexico. The reason was because "Debates over the status of slavery in the new territories inflamed tensions that were already at fever pitch" The United States had basically already been struggling with what to do about slavery, and when new territories came into the picture, there was a large fude of what to do, weather the territories would be free or slave.



10. a. What did many U.S. settlers want U.S. policy towards the Apache to be?
A lot of U.S. settlers wanted the U.S. policy towards the Apache to be, to kill them. Most people wanted to rid the west of the Apache all together. As the reading says "Some even advocated for extermination of native groups as a way to make the West safe for U.S. settlement" and "the only thing the Apache understood was violence"


b. In what ways did this clash with the federal government’s Peace Policy?
This policy clashed with the federal government's Peace Policy that Ulysses S. Grant put into play because the Peace Policy was intended to have reservations where Indian groups could settle and be safe. If the U.S. policy towards the Apache were to be violence and complete extermination, then all of them would be gone, including the ones that settled on reservations protected by the U.S. goverment, which completly contradicts the purpose of the Peace Policy.


11. Why were the Apache hesitant to move onto reservations?
The Apache were hesitant to move onto reservations for obvious reasons, such as the United States tricking the Apache to move onto the reservations so that they could exterminate them; almost using the reservations as "bait". Another reason is because it would go against Apache tradition because it "prevented them from making yearly migrations"

Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona

1. What were the two broad groupings of Native Americans in southern Arizona when the Spanish arrived?

Broad Group 1   Name for Self: O'odham "the people"                  Spanish Name(s): Pima, Papago

Broad Group 2   Name for self: Nnee "the people"                  Spanish Name(s): Apache

2. How did the O’odham show their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions?
 The O'odham showed their unwillingness to fully embrace the spanish missions by basically not staying on the missions. Some "withdrew to the desert and only visited Spanish settlements in times of need or on the course of their yearly migrations" Overall the O'odham just didn't show full commitment to the change in civilization by not being fully commited to the Spanish missions.

3. Why did Apache groups raid Spanish settlements?
The Apache groups raided Spanish settlements because the Spanish settlements were a new form of resources to them. The Apache groups often had trouble obtaining food, supplies and other things. Most things were very hard for the Apache groups to get and as the reading says "Spanish settlements became a new source for supplies" This is why the Apache groups raided Spanish settlements, in order to get their food and supplies that they needed.


4. What was the cycle of violence?
The cycle of violence all started with the Apache groups raiding Spanish settlements for food. Even though they made sure not to take too much at a time or basically "over-raid" However, even though they didn't take too much at a time, sometimes they did end up killing some of the Spanish people. This ended up starting a cycle of violence because the Spanish "led their first military campaigns against the Apache in the 1690's" because the Spanish were sick of the repeated attacks.


5. How did Spanish and Apache views of the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differ?
In order to create peace among the Apache and the Spanish, they decided that in order for the Apache to settle in the area known as establicimientos de paz they would be expected to help the Spanish fight off some of the Apache groups who were hostile against the Spanish still. Many were settling in this area, and hostile Apache groups were easily overpowered.

New Settlers in the West

1. Read pages 10 - 18 List three reasons why people in the United States moved west.

a. One reason why people in the United States moved West is because it was good for farming, and other types of earthy occupations. As the reading says, "There was rich, fertile land for farming, great forests full of timber, and a wealth of mineral resources to be discovered" Thus, the West was a good place to settle seeing as it was not only good for farming, but logging and mining.

b. Another reason why people in the United States moved West is because of the growing population during the time. " The United States grew from a country of 7.25 million in 1812 to more than 23 million people in 1852" as the reading says. There needed to be more room for all of the population and the West was good place for them to move.

c. A third reason why people in the United States moved to the West is because of religious freedom. People like the Mormons settled in Utah because they "wanted freedom from persectuion for their religious beliefs" For some, the West was simply a place to escape ridicule from others.

2. How did westward expansion contribute to sectional tensions in the United States?
   Westward expansion contributed to sectional tensons in the United States because of slavery, basically. The Southern part of the nation was for slavery, where as the Northern part of the nation was for freedom. As the United States expanded farther and farther west, both the North and the South wanted as many new states as they could that way they could have control in congress and "further their economic interests"



3. What was the Peace Policy?
   The Peace Policy was a policy put into play by Ulysses S. Grant. The goal of the policy was basically to keep the Indians safe and stop moving them about. In order to this Indian reservations would be put aside by the governmant in order for the Indians to have their own lands, that was protected by the government.

Indian Removal Act

1. Read pages 10 - 12 (Stop at "Settlers Move West"). Why did the United States fight or negotiate with dozens of Indian groups for the lands in the Louisiana Territory?
     The Louisiana Territory was a very improtant region the United States needed in order for the country to progress. First of all, we didn't have New Orleans which was "an essential port for U.S. farmers along the Mississippi River" and would be necessary as a trading port for us. Also, the amount of land in the Louisiana Territory was quite large which meant there would be lots of room for settlers to...settle. Lastly, there was a lot of pressure on U.S. leaders, from "land speculators, miners in search of precious minerals, and white settlers" whom wanted the land. Thus, the Indian Removal Act was signed by Andrew Jackson, and eventually all of the Indians were forced to move from their land farther west.

2. In what ways did the Cherokees assimilate U.S. values and customs?
   Surprisingly, some Indian groups benefitted from assimilation policies, such as the Cherokees. The Cherokees created a new form of government (a republic ) which was "modeled on the government of the United States" Also, some Cherokee farmers participated in the cotton industry, which was doing extremly well at the time. Some even had African Americans work as slaves on their plantations. Lastly, the Cherokee wrote a constitution for itself in 1827, which declared the Cherokee nation as an independent one.