DIRECTIONS: Read, Chapter 23-2, which is about President Roosevelt’s Second New Deal, and then summarize the following important legislative acts. Make sure you include significant details in your summary.
1. What was the Works Progress Administration?
The works progress administration (WPA) was a program to "help youths, professionals and other workers" This was controlled by Harry Hopkins who was the former chief of the FERA. The WPA was supposed to be a program that set up lots of jobs as quickly as possible. As the reading states, "Between 1935 and 1943, it spent $11 billion to give jobs to more than 8 million workers" Some things these workers would do is build airports, repair roads and construct new public buildings.
2. How did the New Deal help labor? (Hint: Wagner Act)
The new deal helped to improve labor was pass the Wagner Act (also known as the National Labor Relations Act) This act was passed in order to keep things being done by the federal government constitutional because the federal government "had violated legislative authority reserved for individual states" According to the reading, the act "reestablished the NIRA provision of collective bargaining. The federal government again protected the right of workers to join unions and engage in collective bargaining with employers" In addition, the Wagner act "prohibited unfair labor practices such as threatening workers, firing union members, and interfering with union organizing" As well as having the Nation Labor Relations Board set up so people could plead when unfair practices were occurring in their work place and elections to find out if workers wanted union representation.
3. What benefits did the Social Security system provide?
The benefits that the Social Security system provided was having insurance to retire, unemployment compensation, and aid to family with the disabled or dependent children. As the reading states, "old-age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses. The insurance was a supplemental retirement plan. Half of the funds came from the worker and half from the employer." This helped make retirement more comfortable and easier for a lot of people. In addition, the "unemployment compensation system" " was funded by a federal tax on employers" Lastly, families with disabled or dependent children would receive payment from federal funds.
Read pages 710 to 713 in Chapter 23-3 (The New Deal Affects Many Groups) and answer the following questions:
4. Why was the “Black Cabinet” important to the Roosevelt administration?
The "Black Cabinet" was important to the Roosevelt administration because a black cabinet is an informal group of African-American public policy advisors to FDR. This being said, they were influential on FDR's choices dealing with racial issues and could very much help him decide what should be done when racial issues need to be dealt with. Also, the African-American community "supported the Roosevelt administration and the New Deal, generally seeing them as their best hope for the future" so he was pretty much supported by everyone, of every colour!
5. Evaluate the actions and policies of the Roosevelt administration on civil rights.
"His work and that of others laid the groundwork for what would become the civil rights movement" states the reading. To start, FDR was simply the founder of the civil rights movement because of the way he had African American taking on roles as leader, such as appointing more than 100 African Americans to important positions in government. However, according to the reading, he wasn't
committed to full civil rights for African Americans" because he didn't want to upset white democratic voters in the south. He also didn't approve the federal anti-lynching law which was a big goal of the civil rights movement.
6. What changes occurred for Native Americans as a result of the New Deal?
As a result of the new deal, native americans received strong government support. By 1924 they had received full citizenship by law and in 1933, FDR "appointed John Collier as commissioner of Indian affairs. Collier helped create the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934" This act helped restore some reservation lands and tribal ownership. There was three charges mandated by this act referring to economics(Native American lands would belong to an entire tribe and therefore keep the government from taking over reservations that have yet to be claimed and selling them to others), culture(Native American children could attend school on their reservations and the number of boarding schools for them was reduced) and politics(Tribes could elect tribal councils to govern their reservations.
7. Why was the Wagner Act significant?
The Wagner act was significant because, as the reading states, "as a result of the Wagner Act and other prolabor legislation passed during the new deal, union members enjoyed better working conditions and increased bargaining power." Roosevelt was considered a "friend of labor", and as a result labor unions would donate money to FDR's reelection campaign, and workers in a union pledged their votes to him.
DIRECTIONS: Read, Chapter 23-5, which is about the impact of New Deal reforms, and take notes about the lasting effects of those reform on American society.
8a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for LABOR? 8b. And, what were the lasting effects of these LABOR laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
The new deal laws and agencies created for labor were that the fair labor standards act was passed along with the wagner act. These two things help set standards for wages and hours, as well as banning child labor. An agency that still exists today is the nation labor relations board (NLRB) which was created under the wagner act and is supposed to "act as a mediator in labor disputes between unions and employers" This agency specifically is still alive today and continues to do it's job as a mediator.
9a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LIFE? 9b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
The new deal laws and agencies created for agriculture and rural life "set quotas on the production of crops such as wheat to control surpluses" Also, under the second agricultural adjustment act loans could and were made to farmers by the Commodity Credit Corporation. Other government programs like rural electrification helped improve conditions in the farming parts of America as well. As the reading says, "establishing agricultural price supports set a precedent of federal aid to farmers that continued into the 2000s"
10a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for BANKING AND FINANCE 10b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
The new deal laws and agencies created for banking and finance were the securities and exchange commission(SEC), which today still monitors the stock market and enforces laws relating to the sale of stocks and bonds. Another was the federal deposit insurance corporation(FDIC) which was created by the Glass- Steagall Act of 1933, and it still makes sure individuals are insured within their banks for up to 100,000.
11a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for SOCIAL WELFARE 11b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
The new deal laws and agencies created for social welfare were the creation of a social security system, "which would help a large number of needy Americans receive some assistance" in addition to the Social Security act which provided old-age insurance, an unemployment compensation system, and aid to the disabled and families with dependent children. The lasting effects of these were that these still are alive today, social welfare still helps tons of people who are in need of it, and people also have the safety of having social security for when they grow old so they can retire comfortably.
12a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for ENVIRONMENT 12b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
"President Roosevelt was highly committed to conservation and promoted policies designed to protect the nation's natural resources." as the reading states. In addition, the Civilian Conservation Corps program was made to create jobs, but these jobs were of planting trees, making hiking trials and building fire look out towers. There was also a soil conservation service which taught farmers how to conserve soil through contour plowing, crop rotation, etc. The Taylor Grazing Act was passed to reduce grazing on public lands too. This has affected american life because it made Americans be more aware of how to farm more carefully and trees were planted for future generations. In addition, FDR was more likeable because he cared about conservation.
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