The Red Nightmare documentary

1. In the beginning of the film, it appears to be an ordinary American small town, but where is it? (Between 1:00 and 2:30).       
It is not really an ordinary American small town, but really it is really a symbol for Russian trechory.
2. What is the father's (Jerry) attitude toward his responsibilities, such as attending a Parent-Teacher Meeting (PTA) and going to Army Reserve training (6:20)?     
The father's attitude towards his responsibilities is that he doesn's seem to want to go (although him and his wife know that he should); he makes up excuses to not go, but says he'll "go next week"
3. According to the film, if all people had the attitude that Jerry has, what is the Red Nightmare? (To answer this question, what does Jerry witness or experience in a Communist America at the:

• Town Square
• His Daughter's depature (note the soldier is her boyfriend, Bill)
• the PTA
• His job
• His younger children's' education    
• and at the church     

If all people had the attitude Jerry had, then the red nightmare would be communism for America. Basically, all situations noted above, had changed from America's freedom to crazily enforced rules, the daughter left the home because she had been influenced by communism, he wasn't allowed to have a lunch break because the quota wasn't met at the time, etc.
4. What is Jerry's experience like at trial?     
Jerry's experience at trial  is very different from an average American trial. He does not know what he's being accused of, he is guilty until proven innocent instead of innocent until proven guilty, and he has to defend himself. The state needs no proof in order for him to be found guilty.
 5. Consider this film in the context of the Red Square Era. If you were a high school student 50 years ago, how would you have reacted to this film in a history class?

If i had seen this film in history class 50 years ago, obviously i would;ve felt much mroe fearful of losing my freedom, in addition, i feel like i probably would've done much more to protect my freedom as well as keep communism away as best as possible.
 

The Race to Control Space

“We have vowed that we shall see space filled not with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding"
-President Kennedy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, September 12, 1962

President Kennedy was eager for the United  States to lead the way in exploring space.  The Soviet Union was ahead of the United States, having launched the first satellite Sputnik in 1957 and the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin to orbit around the earth in 1961.

President Kennedy said, “No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space.” In 1961 Kennedy asked Congress to approve more than twenty two billion dollars for Project Apollo, which had the goal of landing an American man on the moon before the end of the decade.

Telegram A.
On April 12, 1961 cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin from the Soviet Union orbited around the 
earth in 108 minutes. The same day President Kennedy wrote a telegram to Premier Nikita 
Khrushchev congratulating the Soviets on the first successful manned flight.

Memo B.
A few days later President Kennedy wrote a memo on April 20, 1961 to Vice President 
Lyndon B. Johnson, who was the chairman of the Space Council.

Memo C.
Eight days later, Vice President Johnson responded to President Kennedy’s memo.


1. In the telegram to Premier Nikita Khrushchev, how does President Kennedy say he would like the United States and the Soviet Union to work on exploring outer space?      
President Kennedy says he would like the Soviet Union and the United States to work on exploring outer space by working together in order to "obtain the greatest benefit to mankind" He wants both nations to be able to explore outer space and share their knowledge with one another. 
2. In the memo to Vice President Lyndon Johnson, what is President Kennedy's main objective?        
In the memo to vice president Lyndon Johnson, President Kennedy's main objective was for him to "be in charge of making an overall survey of where we stand in space" To break this down, President Kennedy wants to know the answers to a few questions, which consist of things like: can we surpass the soviets in space, can we speed up the space program here, etc.
3. What is the main difference between what President Kennedy says in the telegram and what he says in the memo in terms of how the Americans and the Soviets should explore
outer space?        
The main difference in the telegram compared to the memo is that in the telegram, President Kennedy seems as though he wants to work with the Soviet Union to gain more information about outer space and work together to explore it, but in his memo, President Kennedy basically wants to do much better than the Soviets and some how beat them in the space race. These are two very different perspectives that are depicted.
4. Why do you think President Kennedy appears to be giving two conflicting statements?      
I believe President Kennedy is giving two conflicting statements because he wants to seem friendly to the Soviet Union in order to gain information from them, as well as have them not be worried about the U.S. surpassing them in the race, by reassuring them of our trust. In reality though, i think that President Kennedy's real perspective is what he stated in the memo, because it is more private and is to the Vice President, not a Soviet. 
5. How does Vice President Johnson connect the space race with the Cold War in his April 28th memo to President Kennedy?       
Vice President Johnson connects the space race with the cold war in his April 28th memo to President Kennedy by referring to how the Soviets are ahead of the United States (which they once were in the cold war) Another way he relates the space race to the cold war is talk about how we have greater resources, because we did during the cold war as well. Lastly, the soviets were the first ones in space, but we were the first to create the atomic bomb. 
6. What are Vice President Johnson’s suggestions for the President?      

Vice President Johnson's suggestions for the president are that the U.S needs to "firm up it's objectives and employ its resources" as well as "make aggressive efforts as the technological gains as well as the international rewards" (in order to gain leadership) and we need to be the first to get to the moon, it was sort of like a key propaganda factor. To conclude, more resources as well as effort needed to be put into the space program.  

NSC-68 and the Arms Race

1. Study Source 7. According to this source, how serious was the Soviet nuclear threat?     
According to source 7, the Soviet nuclear threat was a very large threat. this source is stating things such, that the Soviet Union could easily bomb the U.S. at any time, and their nuclear bomb cabability was growing. It was threatening that the Soviet Union could bomb nuclear bases in the U.S., causing a disasterous situation.
2. What measures is Source 7 calling for?    
The measures source 7 are calling for are "greatly increased air warning systems, air defences and vigorous dvelepoment and implementation of a civil defense program" Basically, source 7 is implying that greater defense mechanisms are necessary.
3. How would you describe the tone of Source 7? Use examples of words and phrases in the text to support your answer.    
I would describe the tone of source 7 as scared or threatened, perhaps worried. This can be seen through the quote "seriously damaging vital centres" and "and thus seriously hamper the ability of the United States to carry out an attack" These two quotes show concern and worry to what the Soviet Union is capable of.
4. Study Source 8. What criticisms are made of Source 7?   
The critisisms made of source 7 in source 8 are basically that source 7 was extremely exaggerated, that source 7 made the Soviet Union seem to be far mroe of an enemy than it really was at the time. Another critisism being that during the time the report came, the Korean War was going on, which made people, including president Truman,  believe that the report was "valid"
5. Do you think the author of Source 7 wanted to increase tension and the risk of war? If not, what were his motives?    
I do believe the author of source 7 wanted to increase the tension and risk of war, but not in a bad way. I believe the author just wanted to make the U.S. aware of the circumstances and perhaps just to have people on gaurd in case something really bad were to happen. i do also think another one of hi9s motives was to have the national defense increased in case something were to happen, even if the risk was less likely than he made it out to be.
6. Do the criticisms in Source 8 mean that Source 7 is not a useful historical source? Explain your answer.
I do not believe that just because source 8 has critisisms of source 7, that source 7 is not useful as a historical source. Source 7, although, exaggerated, is still useful as a historical source because it gives readers an idea of how every one felt, or what people were hearing during the time. Source 8 just proves that what they were hearing about, wasn't completely true, but that doesn't change the fact that this is the type of report people were encountering during the time.

The Formation of NATO

1. Look at Source 2. What did NATO members agree to do?   
NATO members agreed to try to resist armed attack and also agreed to recognize that if one country is attacked, all countries in alliance with the country are going to be "attacked" meaning it would turn into some type of world war because of all the different countries involved.
2. The members of NATO argued that this was a defensive alliance. Explain why Stalin was not convinced about this.   
Stalin was not convinced that this was a defensive alliance because in reality "US forces could resist any advance which Stalin might make" meaning Stalin was probably more convinced that this was just a way for the US to wimp out. He was also concerned that NATO was going to attack the German Democratic Republic.
3. Study the cartoon in Source 4. Does the cartoon give the impression that Stalin feels threatened by NATO?    
based on source 4, i do bot believe Stalin felt threatened by NATO because he seems to be relaxed and eating some semblance of a sanwich. If he was actually worried, he probably wouldn;t be eating a sandwhich and would have a much more firhgtened or threatened look on his face compared to source 4.
4. Explain how Sources 4 and 5 present NATO in different ways.  
In source 4, NATO is represented as a group of people, which is much ore realistic and less threatening than source 5. Source 5 represents NATO as a viscious dog, and much more violent compared to source 4.
5. Now explain why they present NATO in different ways.    
^same?
These two sources represent NATO in similar ways because in both sources, the Soviet Union or Stalin is seen sort of alone and on it's on. There is a similarity in how these two represent how NATO is sort of after Stalin and/or the Soviet Union as well. This is shown in source 5 as a dog, and in source 4 as a big group of people against one.

Berlin Blockade Document Analysis

1. What type of document is this? What is its purpose?      
These documents are memos or "Memorandum" to the president. The purpose of these memos are to inform the president of the situation in Berlin at the time. 
 2. When was it written? Why is that significant?     
 These documents were written on June 30th 1948. This is significant because this is prior to the Berlin airlift, when supplies were brought in to supply citizens of Berlin.
3. Who created the document? Who received the document?     
 The Document was created by the CSI, specifically Hillenkoetter and was received by the president of the united States.
4. Who is Marshal Sokolovsky?     
 Marshal Sokolovsky was the head of Russian officials, he also started the meeting that is being referred to in the document.
5. How did the CIA get information of the meeting between Marshal Sokolovsky and German members of the German industrial committee?      
 The CIA got this information from a trusted person/spy. This is known because there is no name given but the information is said to be true and reliable.
  6. What were the three Soviet alternatives as they presented themselves when this document was written? What policy did the Soviets pursue over the course of the next nine months? Why?     
The three Soviet alternatives as they presented themselves when this document was written were to start a war, life travel restrictions on Berlin or "leave entire Berlin to west, giving them the rail line." The policy the Soviets pursued over the course of the next nine months was to have Berlin become part of the Soviet's zone in order to keep it from the West, and the other three options, were not necessarily options that could be executed. 

7. Stalin stated in a speech on February 9, 1946, "he [Stalin] blamed the last war on 'capitalist monopolies' and warning that, since the same forces still operated, the USSR must treble the basic materials of national defense such as iron and steel, double coal and oil production, and to delay the manufacture of consumer goods until rearmament was complete." Who are the "capitalist monopolies?" How does this statement enlighten the Soviet viewpoint against the United States? Were the Allies justified in cancelling the shipments of German reparations to the Soviets at the end of World War II? Why did the Soviets rely so heavily on Germany for food and industry?        

The capitalist monopolies were basically America and anyone who decided with along side with America. This viewpoint shows that Stalin believed we were basically taking over everything in an unfair way and that we were becoming this huge "monopoly" perhaps against the Soviets. The allies were justified in cancelling the shipments of German reparations to the soviets at the end of WWII because Stalin was trying to make all countries go communist, and he really needed Berlin in order to do so, so cutting off such things made it hard for him to take over Berlin, seeing as America was in the way. The soviets relied heavily on Germany for food and industry because of their geographic location, seeing as the Soviet Union was along side Germany, as well as other countries take over by Stalin and turned Commie.  

The Berlin Blockade and Airlift

1. What is Source 37 (p. 75) saying about Josip Tito, leader of Yugoslavia?     
Source 37 is implying that Tito has obviously accepted help from America in the form of money. This is implied because of the Americans dropping coins into the leader's hands. This source is also showing that Tito may have betrayed his country by accepting financial aid, because of his cloak, marking him as a betrayer.
2. Why do you think Stalin was so hostile to Tito?        
I believe Stalin was very hostile to Tito because he had accepted help from America. This obviously would've angered Stalin because this was putting the country into a higher economic state, meaning the country would be less in favor of communism. This also gave America an upper hand because the Marshall Plan was working, at least with Tito.
3. Look back at the map in Source 27 on page 71. How does the geographical position of Yugoslavia help to explain why Stalin did not take any direct action (such as sending in troops) against Tito?     
The geographical position of Yugoslavia is right next to a bunch of countries, whom were against The Soviet Union in WWII; therefore Stalin not sending in troops was a good idea on his part, because these surrounding countries easily could have pitched in to fight against Stalin's troops.
4. Read Source 40 (p. 77). What reasons did the Soviet Union give for cutting off West Berlin?       
The Soviet Union said that there was technical difficulties, this being the reason for cutting off West Berlin. They cut off electric supply and a "shortage of coal was given as a reason for this measure"
5. Why do you think the USA did not believe these were genuine reasons?           
The USA did not believe these were genuine reasons because in reality, America was in control of the west, as said by the reading, "He could do nothing about the reorganization of the western zones, or the new currency, but he felt that he could stamp his authority on Berlin" Perhaps he didn't want part of America's guidance to get supply from the Soviet Union.
6. How do Sources 41–43 differ in their interpretation of the blockade?            
These sources differ in their interpretation of the blockade by the different perspectives of each of the sources. For instance, source 41 seems as though it is a mediating source, the source is neither in favor of one side or the other. However source 42 is much more on America's side, saying that we were resisting so much, but source 43 was in favor of the Soviet Union stating that America's plans had been reduced due to the USSR. All three sources give a different interpretation of the blockade.
7.  Which do you think is the most useful source for a historian studying the Berlin Blockade?       
I believe both source 42 and 43 are most useful for a historian studying the Berlin Blockade because these two sources are from both the perspective of America and the Soviet Union. This would give the Historian a better view of how people felt on both sides of the blockade.
8.  Which source do you think gives the most reliable view of the blockade?     
I think source 40 gives the most reliable view of the blockade because it is by a historian, and is not from a view which believes one side was greater than the other, therefore giving a more fair view of the blockade from both sides. This source is less likely to be exaggerated as well, so it could be more accurate in that way too. 

Iron Curtain Separates Europe

1. What is your overall impression of Source 26 (p. 70) and use extracts from the source to support your view. (No fence sitting; you must choose one but not both)      

• a reasonable assessment of Stalin’s aims based on the facts
• an overreaction to Stalin’s actions based on fear of and prejudice towards the USSR?        
My impression of source 26 is that this is a reasonable assessment of Stalin's aims based on the facts. As the source states, "not only is the soviet government prepared to co-operate with any non- communist controlled government in eastern Europe"  I find this to be an accurate statement; based on this quote, it is obvious that Stalin wouldn't let the countries in Eastern Europe just have their own government, because that's not what Stalin stands for. What Stalin would really like is for the countries to be communist like his, that way he wouldn't have to deal with other government types that he's not a fan of. 
2. Source 26 is a British source. Does it seem likely that similar documents were being produced by the American government?      
Seeing as America and Britain were more so on the same page and closer bonded compared to the Soviet Union with either of them, it would make sense that America was producing similar documents like source 26. In addition, there's no doubt that these types of things were discussed amongst both America and Britain, which would also imply that documents like this were being produced in America too. 
3. Study Source 27 (p. 71) and make a list of three different actions that Communists took to achieve power in eastern Europe. Explain how each factor helped.     

One of three actions that Communists took to achieve power in eastern Europe was that communists became the biggest party in 1947 elections, as well as imprisoning opposition politicians. This was helpful in achieving power in eastern Europe because if communism was leading in power, then everyone would be more willing to listen to Stalin as well as his ideas. Another step the communists took in order to take control of eastern Europe was that the communists took over Albania right after the war, therefore helping them by giving them one more country and more land. Lastly, in 1945 in Romania a communist prime minister was elected and y 1947 the monarchy there was abolished. This was helpful because it turned the country into a communist country just like Soviet Russia as well as getting rid of the monarchy making the country only communist. 

Truman's Decision to Drop the A-Bomb

1. Who was Harry S. Truman's Secretary of War?      
Stimson


2. Who was Truman's Chief of Staff?       
Admiral William D. Leahy 

3. Why did Truman believe nuclear bombs needed to be used?    
Truman thought nuclear bombs needed to be used in order for "unconditional surrender" to be achieved. 

4. Why did Admiral Leahy believe nuclear bombs didn't need to be used?      
Admiral Leahy believed the nuclear bombs were not necessary because he believed Japan was already ready to surrender due to the sea blockade and "successful bombing on the main land."

5. Why did Supreme Allied Commander and future president Dwight D. Eisenhower believe they didn't need to be used?      
He believed they didn't need to be used because he thought Japan had already been defeated as well. 


6. Critics of Truman fall into two camps. One was that he acted rashly because of his "inferior foreign policy skills" when compared to FDR. What is the other major criticism?     
The other major criticism was that since there was such a large amount of money spent on the Manhattan project, that he may have felt pressure to follow through with the action that had been tested. 

7. Key critics of Truman's use of the bomb weren't on the "historical fringe," but were who?      
The key critics were his secretary of war as well as Admiral Leahy. 

8. Truman began to soften on his stance for unconditional surrender but something occurred that changed his mind for good. What was that?     
The something that occurred that changed his mind for good was the successful Trinity test of the atom bomb. 

9. Besides defeating Japan what was Truman's other possible motivation for using the nuclear bombs on Japan?    
Truman's other possible motivation for using the nuclear bombs on Japan was that he realised how powerful and what relevance the nuclear bomb actually had in significance to the postwar relationship between the U.S. and The Soviet Union. 

10. At Yalta Stalin promised to enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated. Conventional thinking said this if the Soviets began fighting against Japan.     
If the soviets began fighting against Japan then Japan would obviously be defeated.

11. The four-power surrender ultimatum to be presented to Japan was to be written and decided upon where?    
The Potsdam Conference

12. What did the Washington Post editorialize about "unconditional surrender"?     
The Washington Post editorialized the the unconditional surrender that the surrendering terms had been softened.

13. What is the significance of Paragraph 12 in the draft copy of the Potsdam Proclamation prior to Truman setting sail on the USS Augusta? (More detail is needed for this question)     
The significance of paragraph 12 in the draft copy of the Potsdam Proclamation prior to Truman setting sail on the USS Augusta is that paragraph 12 had originally "gave the Japanese comfort with regard to the maintenance of their emperor" However, by the time Truman arrived at the conference, the paragraph had been removed and changed so that the comforting part about the Japanese Emperor had been removed. The thing that had changed all of this was said to be the success of the Trinity test. 
14. What changed when the Proclamation was publicly announced on July 26?       
When the proclamation was publicly announced on July 26 was that paragraph 12 had been removed and altered. 

15. According to the author, what might have changed Truman's mind to alter the wording in Paragraph 12? (More detail is needed for this question)      
According to the author, the thing that may have changed Truman's mind to alter the wording in Paragraph 12 was the success of the Trinity test. According to the reading, "the bomb seems to have shifted from a tool for ending the war with Japan to one that could establish America's primacy in the postwar global balance of power" This was the cause for Truman changing his mind and altering the wording of paragraph 12. 


16. Regarding his diary entry of a conversation with Winston Churchill (who is call "P.M." in the entry) what does the author suggest about Truman's attitude with the bomb despite learning what he does from Churchill?      
The author suggests about Truman's attitude with the bomb despite learning what he does from Churchill is that Truman had already been planning to use the bomb, even though Japan was ready to surrender. 

17. What does his caption on the back of the photo of Stalin and Truman suggest about the use of the bomb?      
The caption on the back of the photo suggests that Truman anticipated a great effect by the atom bomb on Japan and also that he "harbored an almost playful sense of rivalry" with Stalin. 

18. "From a foreign policy perspective" what two accomplishments were made by dropping the bomb?    
The two accomplishments made by dropping the bomb were ending the war with Japan as well as firing the first shot in the Cold War with the Soviet Union. 

19. To give credit to Truman, why didn't he know what FDR's intentions were with the bomb?    
He didn't know what FDR's intentions were with the bomb because when he was a senator and a vice president he knew very little about the Manhattan project, therefore he knew little about the bomb in general. FDR also died before Germany's surrender so he couldn't have known what FDR actually wanted.

20. How did the discrepancy between the loss of 1 million U.S. soldiers lives versus 20,000 to 40,000 if Japan's mainland would have been invaded, affect the understanding of their use?           
This affected the understanding of their use because it made the general public understand why nuclear bombs were used rather than normal invasion, because more lives would've been lost. 


21. Based on your readings, this reading, and discussion in class, in a paragraph or two, answer the following: To what extent was President Truman's decision to drop bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified?     
President Truman's decision to drop the bombs on Japan was not justified. Although there are many reasons as to why Truman dropped them, it wasn't necessary in the least. It is known that Truman didn't know what FDR wanted to do with the bombs, but this is no excuse. If Truman didn't know, he shouldn't have done anything. In addition, Truman may have done it in order to signify postwar power for the U.S. or to fire the first shot in the Cold War with , yet the Soviet Union again, stupid reasons. The last thing we needed was to go into the Cold War with the Soviet Union and to use the bombs to help signify the power of the U.S. just seems cocky. As the reading says, Japan had already been defeated and had been ready to surrender before the bombs were dropped, making the bombs being dropped, overkill. It wasn't necessary and it killed so many people. It would be one thing to have dropped the bombs if Japan had not been defeated or ready to surrender, but when they were, the bombs were still dropped, making the dropping of the bombs unjustified. 

The Potsdam Conference

1. Read Source 17 (p 68). At Yalta, Churchill and Roosevelt had agreed with Stalin that eastern Europe would be a Soviet ‘sphere of influence’. Do you think Source 17 is what they had in mind?    

"This war is not as in the past; whoever occupies a territory also imposes on it his own social

system. Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army has power to do so. It cannot

be otherwise." This obviously does not agree with the fact that the Soviet Union would solely be guiding the countries in eastern Europe, but would more so be controlling them to the greatest power that his army had power to.

2. Would they agree with Stalin’s views expressed in Sources 17 and 18? Explain your answer.       
No, they would not agree with Stalin's views because what Stalin is basically stating in both sources that he is going to try to take charge of eastern Europe. This would not be seen as good by Churchill and Roosevelt because these two were thinking more that Stalin would be simply guiding eastern Europe, not taking it over. 
3.  Explain how each of the three developments described in the text might affect relationships at Potsdam. 
First of all, the fact that Stalin's armies were controlling most of eastern Europe was obviously a problem. Stalin was claiming that this was a method of protection for future attacks, but in reality he was setting up a large communist government/rule all over soviet Russia as well as Easter Europe. This could affect the relationships at Potsdam because Churchill and Truman were obviously uncomfortable with this and didn't want this to be happening, making it an awkward situation. Secondly, because  America had President Truman as president after Roosevelt died, it made a very uncomfortable situation for Stalin at Potsdam because Truman was much more anti-communist compared to Roosevelt. Lastly, since America had developed the atomic bomb, this could have made both Churchill as well as Stalin feel very inferior because all of a sudden America was a huge threat with this massive source of power. 

Origins of the Cold War: Yalta Conference

1. Choose two points of agreement from the list and explain why they were significant for the future peace of Europe.      

First Point:     "The Big Three all agreed to join the new United Nations Organisation, which would aim to

keep peace after the war." This is a very important point because the U.N. is basically know for keeping peace between countries. The fact that the Big Three joined is significant to the future peace in Europe because these countries would then more likely stay out of conflict with Europe in the future.

Second Point: "As Allied soldiers advanced through Germany, they were revealing the horrors of the Nazi

concentration camps. The Big Three agreed to hunt down and punish war criminals who were

responsible for the genocide." This was an important point to the future peace of Europe because this could imply that such horrors having been done, may not be done again, and Europe is almost being protected from it happening once again. 

2. Read Sources 2 - 11 on pages 320 and 321. What is your overall impression of the Yalta Conference based on these sources?        Based on these resources my overall impression of the Yalta Conference is that everyone seemed to get along when they were at the actual conference but, most of the sources were writings after the conference. From these sources i feel as though everyone was sort of plotting against each other or Russia in general. For example, in Source 10, "Churchill ordered Montgomely to keep the German arms intact, in case they had to be used against the Russians." This is showing almost a secret plot against Russia.Then in source 4,"Stalin waved his hand over the Soviet Union and exclaimed, 'They [Roosevelt and Churchill] will never accept the idea that so great a space should be red, never, never!" This seems as though Stalin was trying to glorify his nation. 

America Enters World War II

1. What impact did the outbreak of war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and defense policy?   
The outbreak of war in Europe's impact on U.S. foreign and defense policy for one was the cost of national defense. As the reading states, "Roosevelt asked congress to increase spending for national defense" Another effect the war in Europe had on the U.S. was that congress passed the first military draft and millions of men were to be registered. Lastly, since Roosevelt was reelected, Roosevelt's policy of aiding Britain was put into action.
2. Why did Roosevelt take one “unneutral” step after another to assist Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941?    
Roosevelt took on unneutral step after another to assist Britain and The Soviet Union because Hitler had gone back on his agreement with Stalin and invaded Soviet Russia. Roosevelt said he agreed with Winston Churchill "who has said,'if Hitler Invaded Hell' The British would be prepared to work with the devil himself"
3. Why was the Atlantic Charter important?   
The Atlantic Charter was important because it was a joint declaration of war aims. According to the reading "Both countries pledged the following: collective security disarmament, self- determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the sea" This was obviously important because each aim of war is defined as to what it is and what the "rules of war" are. This also became the basis of the U.N.
4. Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall 1941?   
The U.S entered into an undeclared shooting war with Germany because a U-boat torpedoed the a U.S. ship and 11 lives were lost. A few days later another U.S. ship was torpedoed by a U-Boat and therefore the United States had just reason to enter and undeclared shooting war with Germany.
5. How was oil a source of conflict between Japan and the United States?   
Oil was a source of conflict between Japan and the U.S. because Japan decided to take over French Military bases, because of this the U.S. cut off trade with Japan because this was an act of aggression. By the U.S. doing this, they cut off oil along with other goods with Japan, and Japan needed oil in order to thrive as a country.
6. What problem would the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor solve for Roosevelt? What new problems would it create?  
The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese would solve the problem of isolationists. Prior to the attack they had not been in full support of America and the war effort, but after the attack on Pearl Harbour the isolationists supported America completely, and America having declared war on Japan. One problem this attack made for the U.S. is having to fight wars in both the Atlantic and the pacific ocean. Another problem caused by this attack was the fact that Germany and Italy declared war on the United States shortly after they declared war on Japan. 

Dictators Threaten World Peace

1. Why did the new democracies set up after World War I fail? (And yes, I am aware the answer is in the reading so make sure your answer is in your own words.)      
The new democracies set up after WWI failed because of a lack of democratic tradition, the failure of the treaty of Versailles, economic depression and devastation, nationalism, and desire for territorial expansion.
2. What are the characteristics of a totalitarian state?     
The characteristics of a totalitarian state is that individuals have no rights and the government"suppresses all opposition"
3. What factors led to the rise of Fascism in Italy?     
The factors that led to the rise of Fascism in Italy is that there was a huge amount of unemployment and strikes. The middle and upper classed people felt threatened by these and ordered to have a stronger leadership in their government.Mussolini took advantage of this and  gained most Italians support by making speeches of economic collapse and communism.
4. What were the key ideas and goals that Hitler presented in Mein Kampf ?      
In Mein Kampf the key ideas and goals that Hitler presented "the basic beliefs of Nazism" He also encouraged purification in the home, saying that specifically blonde hair and blue eyed people were to rule over the inferior races. Lastly, Hitler believed that more expansion was needed in order to "thrive" 
5. Why did Japan invade Manchuria?     
Japan invaded Manchuria because they had a similar idea to Hitler, that in order to thrive, they needed to expand, thus they invaded Manchuria in 1931. They were imperialistic and needed more land for a growing population.
6. What foreign countries were involved in the Spanish Civil War?     
The foreign countries that were involved in the Spanish Civil war were America (3,000 went to Spain to fight against Franco) the Soviet Union (Sent equipment and advisers)  According to the text "Hitler and Mussolini backed Franco's forces with troops, weapons, tanks, and fighter planes" 
7. What factors contributed to America's growing isolationism?      
The factors that contributed to America's growing isolationism is that America wanted to stay out of war because it basically had nothing to do with them, as well as the fact that they also wanted to stay neutral. The girl scouts even changed their uniforms to seem less militaristic. 

The 2nd New Deal, Minorities, and FDR's Impact

DIRECTIONS: Read, Chapter 23-2, which is about President Roosevelt’s Second New Deal, and then summarize the following important legislative acts. Make sure you include significant details in your summary.

1. What was the Works Progress Administration?
The works progress administration (WPA) was a program to "help youths, professionals and other workers" This was  controlled by Harry Hopkins who was the former chief of the FERA. The WPA was supposed to be a program that set up lots of jobs as quickly as possible. As the reading states, "Between 1935 and 1943, it spent $11 billion to give jobs to more than 8 million workers" Some things these workers would do is build airports, repair roads and construct new public buildings.
2. How did the New Deal help labor? (Hint: Wagner Act)
The new deal helped to improve labor was pass the Wagner Act (also known as the National Labor Relations Act) This act was passed in order to keep things being done by the federal government constitutional because the federal government "had violated legislative authority reserved for individual states" According to the reading, the act "reestablished the NIRA provision of collective bargaining. The federal government again protected the right of workers to join unions and engage in collective bargaining with employers" In addition, the Wagner act "prohibited unfair labor practices such as threatening workers, firing union members, and interfering with union organizing" As well as having the Nation Labor Relations Board set up so people could plead when unfair practices were occurring in their work place and elections to find out if workers wanted union representation.
3. What benefits did the Social Security system provide?
The benefits that the Social Security system provided was having insurance to retire, unemployment compensation, and aid to family with the disabled or dependent children. As the reading states, "old-age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses. The insurance was a supplemental retirement plan. Half of the funds came from the worker and half from the employer." This helped make retirement more comfortable and easier for a lot of people. In addition, the "unemployment compensation system" " was funded by a federal tax on employers" Lastly, families with disabled or dependent children would receive payment from federal funds.
Read pages 710 to 713 in Chapter 23-3 (The New Deal Affects Many Groups) and answer the following questions:


4. Why was the “Black Cabinet” important to the Roosevelt administration?
The "Black Cabinet" was important to the Roosevelt administration because a black cabinet is an informal group of African-American public policy advisors to FDR. This being said, they were influential on FDR's choices dealing with racial issues and could very much help him decide what should be done when racial issues need to be dealt with. Also, the African-American community "supported the Roosevelt administration and the New Deal, generally seeing them as their best hope for the future" so he was pretty much supported by everyone, of every colour!
5. Evaluate the actions and policies of the Roosevelt administration on civil rights.
"His work and that of others laid the groundwork for what would become the civil rights movement" states the reading. To start, FDR was simply the founder of the civil rights movement because of the way he had African American taking on roles as leader, such as appointing more than 100 African Americans to important positions in government. However, according to the reading, he wasn't
committed to full civil rights for African Americans" because he didn't want to upset white democratic voters in the south. He also didn't approve the federal anti-lynching law which was a big goal of the civil rights movement.
6. What changes occurred for Native Americans as a result of the New Deal?
As a result of the new deal, native americans received strong government support. By 1924 they had received full citizenship by law and in 1933, FDR "appointed John Collier as commissioner of Indian affairs. Collier helped create the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934" This act helped restore some reservation lands and tribal ownership. There was three charges mandated by this act referring to economics(Native American lands would belong to an entire tribe and therefore keep the government from taking over reservations that have yet to be claimed and selling them to others), culture(Native American children could attend school on their reservations and the number of boarding schools for them was reduced) and politics(Tribes could elect tribal councils to govern their reservations.
7. Why was the Wagner Act significant?
The Wagner act was significant because, as the reading states, "as a result of the Wagner Act and other prolabor legislation passed during the new deal, union members enjoyed better working conditions and increased bargaining power." Roosevelt was considered a "friend of labor", and as a result labor unions would donate money to FDR's reelection campaign, and workers in a union pledged their votes to him.
 DIRECTIONS: Read, Chapter 23-5, which is about the impact of New Deal reforms, and take notes about the lasting effects of those reform on American society.

 8a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for LABOR? 8b. And, what were the lasting effects of these LABOR laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
The new deal laws and agencies created for labor were that the fair labor standards act was passed along with the wagner act. These two things help set standards for wages and hours, as well as banning child labor. An agency that still exists today is the nation labor relations board (NLRB) which was created under the wagner act and is supposed to "act as a mediator in labor disputes between unions and employers" This agency specifically is still alive today and continues to do it's job as a mediator.
9a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LIFE? 9b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
The new deal laws and agencies created for agriculture and rural life "set quotas on the production of crops such as wheat to control surpluses" Also, under the second agricultural adjustment act loans could and were made to farmers by the Commodity Credit Corporation. Other government programs like rural electrification helped improve conditions in the farming parts of America as well. As the reading says, "establishing agricultural price supports set a precedent of federal aid to farmers that continued into the 2000s"
10a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for BANKING AND FINANCE  10b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
The new deal laws and agencies created for banking and finance were the securities and exchange commission(SEC), which today still monitors the stock market and enforces laws relating to the sale of stocks and bonds. Another was the federal deposit insurance corporation(FDIC) which was created by the Glass- Steagall Act of 1933, and it still makes sure individuals are insured within their banks for up to 100,000.
11a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for SOCIAL WELFARE  11b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
The new deal laws and agencies created for social welfare were the creation of a social security system, "which would help a large number of needy Americans receive some assistance" in addition to the Social Security act which provided old-age insurance, an unemployment compensation system, and aid to the disabled and families with dependent children. The lasting effects of these were that these still are alive today, social welfare still helps tons of people who are in need of it, and people also have the safety of having social security for when they grow old so they can retire comfortably.
12a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for ENVIRONMENT  12b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
"President Roosevelt was highly committed to conservation and promoted policies designed to protect the nation's natural resources." as the reading states. In addition, the Civilian Conservation Corps program was made to create jobs, but these jobs were of planting trees, making hiking trials and building fire look out towers. There was also a soil conservation service which taught farmers how to conserve soil through contour plowing, crop rotation, etc. The Taylor Grazing Act was passed to reduce grazing on public lands too. This has affected american life because it made Americans be more aware of how to farm more carefully and trees were planted for future generations. In addition, FDR was more likeable because he cared about conservation.